List of chapters in class 12 biology
Here is the list of chapters in class 12 biology NCERT
- Reproduction in Organisms
- Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
- Human Reproduction
- Reproductive Health
- Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- Evolution
- Human Health and Disease
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
- Microbes in Human Welfare
- Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
- Biotechnology and its Applications
- Organisms and Populations
- Ecosystem
- Biodiversity and Conservation
- Environmental Issues
Summary of chapters in class 12 biology
Here is a summary of the chapters for NCERT Class 12 Biology:
Reproduction in Organisms: This chapter covers the different modes of reproduction in organisms, including asexual and sexual reproduction, and the mechanisms involved in these processes. It also covers the significance of reproduction in the survival and evolution of organisms.
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants: This chapter covers the process of sexual reproduction in flowering plants, including the structure and function of male and female reproductive organs, pollination, fertilization, and the development of the seed and fruit.
Human Reproduction: This chapter covers the process of human reproduction, including the structure and function of the male and female reproductive systems, the menstrual cycle, fertilization, pregnancy, and childbirth.
Reproductive Health: This chapter covers the various issues related to reproductive health, including contraception, sexually transmitted diseases, and infertility.
Principles of Inheritance and Variation: This chapter covers the basic principles of inheritance and variation in organisms, including Mendel’s laws of inheritance, sex determination, and the role of genes and chromosomes in inheritance.
Molecular Basis of Inheritance: This chapter covers the molecular basis of inheritance, including the structure and function of DNA and RNA, the process of protein synthesis, and the role of genetic engineering in the manipulation of genes.
Evolution: This chapter covers the concept of evolution and its mechanisms, including natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow. It also covers the evidence for evolution and the history of life on Earth.
Human Health and Disease: This chapter covers the human immune system and the mechanisms of defense against pathogens, the causes, symptoms, and prevention of various human diseases and disorders like cancer, diabetes, and genetic disorders.
Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production: This chapter covers the various strategies used in agriculture to enhance food production, including crop breeding, genetic engineering, and organic farming.
Microbes in Human Welfare: This chapter covers the role of microorganisms in various industries, including food, agriculture, and medicine. It also covers the use of microorganisms in the production of antibiotics, enzymes, and other useful compounds.
Biotechnology: Principles and Processes: This chapter covers the principles and techniques of biotechnology, including the extraction and manipulation of DNA, genetic engineering, and the use of biotechnology in medicine and agriculture.
Biotechnology and its Applications: This chapter covers the various applications of biotechnology, including the production of genetically modified organisms, the use of biotechnology in medicine, and the ethical issues surrounding biotechnology.
Organisms and Populations: This chapter covers the concept of populations and their dynamics, including population growth, birth and death rates, and the factors that affect population size. It also covers the concept of communities and the interactions between different populations within a community.
Ecosystem: This chapter covers the concept of ecosystems, including the different components of an ecosystem, the flow of energy and matter through an ecosystem, and the concept of ecological succession. It also covers the different types of ecosystems, such as forests, grasslands, deserts, and wetlands, as well as the concept of biodiversity and its importance.
Biodiversity and Conservation: This chapter covers the concept of biodiversity and its importance, as well as the threats to biodiversity, such as habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change. It also covers the measures that can be taken to conserve biodiversity, such as protected areas, wildlife conservation, and sustainable development.
Environmental Issues: This chapter covers the various environmental issues facing the world today.
